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にほんご — Lesson 3

April 13

The te-form

The te-form connects verbs, makes requests, asks permission, and describes ongoing actions.

RU verbs — drop -ru, add -te

BaseMeaningTe-form
taberueattabete
miruwatchmite
nerusleepnete
okiruwake upokite

U verbs — by ending

EndingRuleExampleTe-form
-u / -tsu / -ru→ ttekau / matsu / tsukurukatte / matte / tsukutte
-mu / -nu / -bu→ ndenomunonde
-ku→ itekikukiite
-iku (special)→ itteikuitte
-su→ shitehanasuhanashite

Irregulars

BaseTe-form
surushite
kurukite

Note: tsukuru (make) ends in -ru but is a U verb → te-form is tsukutte, not tsukute.


-teiru — ongoing actions

Te-form + iru (polite: imasu) = currently doing / have been doing.

Te-iruMeaning
tabeteiruam eating
nondeiruam drinking
benkyou shiteiruam studying
hanashiteiruam speaking
kiiteiruam listening
tsukutteiruam making

ima nani o shiteimasu ka?

What are you doing right now?

nihongo o benkyou shiteimasu

I am studying Japanese.

itsu kara tsukutteimasu ka?

Since when have you been making it?


kara and made — from / to

ParticleMeaningExample
karafrom / sinceku-ji kara — from 9
madeto / untilgo-ji made — until 5

ku-ji kara go-ji made shigoto shimasu

I work from 9 to 5.


te kudasai — please

Te-form + kudasai = polite request.

RequestMeaning
tabete kudasaiPlease eat.
nonde kudasaiPlease drink.
matte kudasaiPlease wait.
kiite kudasaiPlease listen.
benkyou shite kudasaiPlease study.

sukoshi matte kudasai / chotto matte kudasai

Please wait a little.

mizu o kudasai

Water, please. (noun + o + kudasai)

mizu o hitotsu kudasai

One water, please.

sukoshi / chotto = a little (chotto is more casual).


Counting — hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu

NumberJapanese
1hitotsu
2futatsu
3mittsu

te mo ii desu ka — may I?

Te-form + mo ii desu ka? = asking permission. (ii = good/okay)

QuestionMeaning
tabete mo ii desu ka?May I eat?
nonde mo ii desu ka?May I drink?
kiite mo ii desu ka?May I ask?
chuumon shite mo ii desu ka?May I order?
yoyaku shite mo ii desu ka?May I reserve?

Chaining verbs

Te-form acts as "and" — lists or combines actions.

SentenceMeaning
tabete mirueat and watch
nonde mirudrink and watch
kiite benkyou surulisten and study
matte kikuwait and listen

For nouns, use to: ringo to banana = apple and banana.


Quick reference

ConceptPatternExample
te-form (RU)stem + tetabete
te-form (U: -u/-tsu/-ru)→ ttematte, tsukutte
te-form (U: -mu/-nu/-bu)→ ndenonde
te-form (U: -ku)→ itekiite
te-form (iku)→ itteitte
te-form (U: -su)→ shitehanashite
ongoingte + iru/imasunondeimasu
from / sincekaraku-ji kara
to / untilmadego-ji made
pleasete + kudasaimatte kudasai
please (noun)noun + o + kudasaimizu o kudasai
may I?te + mo ii desu kakiite mo ii desu ka
chain verbsverb1-te + verb2tabete miru
a littlesukoshi / chottochotto matte
1 / 2 / 3 thingshitotsu / futatsu / mittsumizu o hitotsu

Exercises

Translate into Japanese:

  1. I am drinking water right now
  2. What are you doing right now?
  3. I am studying Japanese
  4. I am making a blanket
  5. Since when have you been making it?
  6. I work from 9 to 5
  7. Please wait a little
  8. Please drink water
  9. Please study Japanese
  10. Water, please
  11. One water, please
  12. Two apples, please
  13. May I eat?
  14. May I order?
  15. May I make a reservation?
  16. May I ask?
  17. Eat and watch
  18. Listen and study
  19. What did you do today?
  20. I am going to study Japanese tomorrow
こたえ
  1. 1.ima mizu o nondeimasu
  2. 2.ima nani o shiteimasu ka
  3. 3.nihongo o benkyou shiteimasu
  4. 4.moufu o tsukutteimasu
  5. 5.itsu kara tsukutteimasu ka
  6. 6.ku-ji kara go-ji made shigoto shimasu
  7. 7.sukoshi matte kudasai
  8. 8.mizu o nonde kudasai
  9. 9.nihongo o benkyou shite kudasai
  10. 10.mizu o kudasai
  11. 11.mizu o hitotsu kudasai
  12. 12.ringo o futatsu kudasai
  13. 13.tabete mo ii desu ka
  14. 14.chuumon shite mo ii desu ka
  15. 15.yoyaku shite mo ii desu ka
  16. 16.kiite mo ii desu ka
  17. 17.tabete miru
  18. 18.kiite benkyou suru
  19. 19.kyou nani o shimashita ka
  20. 20.ashita nihongo o benkyou shimasu

語彙 — Lesson 3

particleskarafrom / since
madeto / until
adverbssukoshia little
chottoa little (casual)
countinghitotsuone (thing)
futatsutwo (things)
mittsuthree (things)
nounsmizuwater
moufublanket
honbook
verbstsukuruto makeU
matsuto waitU
yomuto readU
chuumon suruto orderirr.
yoyaku suruto reserve/bookirr.
hanasuto speakU